Immigration Problem Essay Example For Students

Immigration Problem Essay The world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cutthe death rates around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In oneyear, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight yearsbecause the number of people dying from malaria suddenly declined. This was agreat human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birthrate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living inthe world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There are 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add abillion people in the next eleven years, thats 224,000 every day! Experts saythere will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the nexttwenty years. We must understand what these numbers mean for the U.S. Lets lookat the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects atwenty-year increase of 600 to 700 million people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the worlds population growth takes place in the ThirdWorld. More than a billion people today are paid about 150 dollars a year, whichis less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of thesepoorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States. In the1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the numberof people they would allow into theircountries. The United States did not. Thismeans that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere willturn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The humansuffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin Americas population is now 390million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexicos population hastripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mexico isunder ten years of age, as a result, in just ten years, Mexicos unemploymentrate will increase 30 percent, as these children become young adults, in searchof work. There were in1990 an estimated four million illegal aliens in theUnited States, and about 55 percent of them were from Mexico. These people lookto the United States. Human population has always moved, like waves, to freshlands. But for the first time in human history, there are no fresh lands, no newcontinents. We will have to think and decide with great care what our policyshould be toward immigration. At this point in history, American immigrationpolicies are in a mess. Our borders are totally out of control. Our borderpatrol arrests 3000 illegal immigrants per day, or 1.2 million per year, and Twoillegal immigrants get in for every one caught. And those caught just try again!More than 1 million people are entering the U.S. legally every year. From 1983through 1992, 8.7 million of these newcomers arrived-the highest number in any10-year period since 1910. A record 1.8 million were granted permanent residencein 1991. Because present law stresses family unificatio n, these arrivals canbring over their spouses, sons and daughters: some 3.5 million are now in lineto come in. Once here, they can bring in their direct relatives. As a result,there exists no visible limit to the number of legal entries. Until a few yearsago, immigrants seeking asylum were rare. In 1975, a total of 200 applicationswere received in the U.S. Suddenly, asylum is the plea of choice in the U.S.,and around the world, often as a cover for economic migration. U.S. applicationswere up to 103,000 last year, and the backlog tops 300,000 cases. Under thepresent asylum rules, practically anyone who declares that he or she is fleeingpolitical oppression has a good chance to enter the U.S. Chinese are almostalways admitted, for example, if they claim that Chinas birth-control policieshave limited the number of children they can have. Right now, once aliens enterthe U.S., it is almost impossible to deport them, even if they have no validdocuments. Thousands of those who enter illeg ally request asylum only if theyare caught. The review process can take 10 years or more, and applicants oftensimply disappear while it is under way. Asylum cases are piling up faster thanthey can be cleared, with the Immigration and Naturalization Service fallingfarther behind every year. At her confirmation hearings at the end of September,Doris Meissner, Clintons nominee as commissioner of the Immigration andNaturalization Services, conceded, The asylum system is broken, and we need tofix it. Adding the numbers of legal and illegal immigrants, 50 percent of allU.S. population growth comes from immigration. While Americans try to havesmaller families, immigration threatens our nation. If immigration ratescontinue to be this high, more than seventy million people will be added to theUnited States population in just fifty years, with no end in sight. We aretaking in more people than all of the rest of the world combined. As have allthe other countries of the word, America needs to c ontrol its borders. As everyhouse needs a door, so every country needs a border. And yet, our borders arefull of holes. We have clearly lost control over our future. Our children willpay the price of uncontrolled immigration. The United States is no longer anempty continent. In 1886, when the Statue of Liberty was built, there were 58million people in the United States. In 1984 there were 240 million people,thats four times the total population in less then a century The U.S. cannotand should not be the home of last resort for all the world s poor, huddledmasses. We are not doing a good job with our own poor, as we see more peoplewithout jobs. Supporters of immigration use many arguments to support theirside. Lets look at a few of these arguments: Illegal immigrants take jobs noAmericans want. The fact is that the average illegal immigrant arrested inDenver, Colorado, made more than seven dollars an hour. Many were making over100 dollars per day. Denver identified 43 illegal aliens making 100 dollars perday as roofers, while 438 people were registered in their employment serviceswho would have loved those jobs. The average illegal immigrant arrested inChicago makes $5.65 an hour. More than thirty million American workers make lessthan that. A common belief is that aliens fulfill many of the least desirablejobs. However, most experts agree that in todays economy,there is no shortageof Americans competing for many of these same jobs. Actually, many Americansalready work in these low-paying jobs. For example: the poor black woman, whoworks as a seamstress, Her boss asked her to train a new employee, an illegalimmigrant. As soon as she finished training her new charge, she was fired. Herposition, of course, went to the illegal immigrant, who was willing to work forless pay, and under deplorable working conditions. This is one example of howillegal workers depress wages, and slow, stall or prevent unionization orimprovements to working conditions. Another myth cite d by supporters ofimmigration is that illegal immigrants work hard, pay taxes, and do not go onwelfare. Thesad truth is that these folks seem to learn the ropes of the welfaresystem with incredible speed. Todays illegal immigrants apply for and receivebenefits from the government that citizens need. According to Donald L. Huddle,an economist at Rice University in Texas, legal and illegal immigrants cost thenation a net 42.5 billion dollars in 1992.The Huddle study also found that in1992, more than 2 million Americans were displaced from their jobs by illegalimmigrants. This resulted in an additional 11.9 billion dollars in publicassistance. In California alone, they cost more than 18 billion dollars a year. .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .postImageUrl , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:hover , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:visited , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:active { border:0!important; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:active , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hunger and Poverty EssayCalifornia currently has an estimated 300,000 illegal immigrants now attendinggrades 0-12. This will costs the California tax payers an estimated 1.5 billiondollars. This is 10 percent of the students currently enrolled in our elementaryschools today! California has 49.8 percent of the countries illegal aliens,therefore, California pays multiple costs for its leaky borders. Providinghealth care for illegal immigrants costs California tax payers 400 milliondollars annually. Illegals drain about twobillion dollars a year forincarceration, schooling and Medicaid from the budgets of such major destinationstates as Texas, Florida and California. For Cali fornia alone, a 1993 study bythe California Legislature estimates criminal justice costs involving illegalimmigrants to be 385 million dollars to the state, with an additional 112million dollars to local or county government. This is a total cost of 497million dollars, paid by the California tax payer, each and every year! Illinoisdid a study showing that it paid 66 million dollars in unemployment benefits toillegal immigrants in one year, despite alaw that was supposed to stop illegalimmigrants from getting unemployment benefits. Los Angeles estimates that itspends 269 million dollars in social services on illegal immigrants each year. Every person added to our population drains our natural resources andcontributes to the destruction of our environment. In a Pulitzer-Prize-winningstudy, the Des Moines Register found that for every person added to ourpopulation, 1.5 acres of the richest farm land goes out of production to makeway for new houses, roads, and shopping centers. If this continues, the UnitedStates will stop shipping food to other countries shortly after the year 2000. How can the United States feed the hungry people of the world? The nationalmajority now says it favors cutting back on legal immigration. A TIME/CNN polldetermined last week that 77 percent of those surveyed felt the government wasnot doing enough to keep out illegal immigrants. For years now, the battle hasraged between the federal authorities who are supposed to police the borders andthe states who pay the price if they fail. In an attempt to reduce illegalimmigration, Nevada Senator Harry Reid, has introduced a bill that wouldestablish an annual limit of 300,000 newcomers, including immediaterelatives, and a national identification card. Congress passed legislation in1986 that stipulates fines and other penalties for employers who knowingly hireillegal aliens. The bill includes provisions to grant amnesty to illegal alienswho were in the United States prior to January 1, 1982, and to aid farmers whohave relied on illegal aliens to harvest their crops. Does anyone benefit fromthe r ising tide of illegal immigration? Businesses that can profit fromemploying illegals at low wages do. And many illegals are better off here thanin their own countries. But many others are exploited by dishonest employersandare treated like slaves. These immigrants are denied the rights andprivileges we want every person in the United States to enjoy. In closing, wemust all realize this issue will not go away. Other generations of Americansmade great sacrifices so that we today can enjoy the freedom, the quality oflife, and the standard of living that we have. When I think of what uncontrolledimmigration will do to the dreams of my parents and grandparents, what it willmean to the future of my children, I realize that we will find a way to controlimmigration. Because we must. BibliographyPrimary And Secondary Sources (These listings are in order of theirimportance, in category.)Immigration: Identifying PropagandaTechniques Bonnie Szumski ; JoAnne Buggey, Ph.D.College of Education,University of Minnesota(Greenhaven Press 1989)Immigration-OpposingViewpoints David Bender Bruno Leone, Series Editors William Dudley,Book Editor(Greenhaven Press 1990)The Essential Immigrant DanLacey(Hippocrene Books 1990)Immigration Kelly C. Anderson(LucentBooks 1993)Immigration-A pictorial History of Oscar Handlin(CrownPublishers 1972)Immigrants, Refugees, and U.S. Policy Grant SMcClellan(H. W. Wilson Company 1981)Immigration and Illegal AliensMark A. Siegel, M.A., Ph.D. Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., M.A. Patricia A. Von Brook,B.A., M.S.(Information Plus 1989)

Paperless System in Thailand Essay Example

Paperless System in Thailand Essay This study seeks to find out the chief barriers and give recommendations accordingly. The study also aims to identify the required steps for Thailand to take to reach the Single Window stage. The study is done by surveying people in the relevant fields using interview questionnaire. The result shows that users are more satisfied with PETS than DEED. However, a lot more can still be done to further improve PETS, for example, raise the number of trained customs officer, maintain the system and prevent errors occurred. Provide related lecture for system users. Moreover, in order to be ready for advancing to the next stage, there is a need to build the capacity of government agencies and the officers, raise Acts budget, revise laws and regulations and lastly, pursue wallpapered road-maps to SW and utilize modeling tools. As for the cross- border level, maintenance of Regional Standard Data sets in the term of human resource, revision of laws and regulations for cross-border data exchange are required to reach the goal of establishing cross-border SW. 4 Acknowledgement It is an honor for me to derive such valuable opinions from all of the interviewees who are experience in the field of my study. We will write a custom essay sample on Paperless System in Thailand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Paperless System in Thailand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Paperless System in Thailand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This thesis would not have been possible without their precious cooperation. Moreover, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Yakima Kanji, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. Besides my supervisor, I am heartily thankful to Miss Mack and Professor Simon Bah who gave me advices on thesis pattern as well as pointed out lots of grammatical errors. I am indented to my colleague, Kane Standardization to support me in a number of ways. He helped me look for some information I cannot reach during my stay in Japan. Furthermore, he also assisted me to appropriate the words used in my thesis. Last but not least, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any aspects during the completion of the project. Coordinators Sandpit 5 Chapter l: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to assess the status of Paperless Trading System (PETS) in Thailand and to study and discuss steps needed to advance to the next stage of trading system. There is a need to understand what PETS is all about. According to APACE (Wang Khan, 2005), Paperless Trading is the activity of exchanging data through electronic means. It means all parties in the chain of trade, namely, supplier, Dryers, customs, puddle Institutes, Tanks Ana logistic companies, utilize information technology and standardize business data exchange among participants, in order to accomplish the whole processes from finding a partner to the signing of a contract in trading. To better understand paperless trading, let us have a look at the broader sense of e-commerce and how it relates to paperless trading. According to the assessment reported by Wang Khan, 2005, E-commerce Demonstration Act of United Nations International Trade Committee describes the wider sense of e- amerce as business activities that utilize data information, which refers to information produced, transmitted or stored via electronic, optical or other similar ways. In other words, the broader sense of e-commerce can be regarded as e- business that consists of e-commerce and paperless trading or e-trade. The chain of International Trade starts when an order is placed, followed by transporting goods, clearing custom and paying bills. This chain involves logistics, financial process, and information circulation, and it implicates multiple parties and working sectors. The implement of International Trade is high since there are different goods, ways of delivery, processes and varieties of payment (as shown in Fig 1. . ) Figure 1 . 1: Chain of International Trade Source: Wang, J. Khan, F. (2005) From the chain process above, it is obvious that some parties, such as customs, are directly related to markets, and some others, such as the government, are not. However, this does not mean that market efficiency is affected by these non-market related parties. In fact, they play a very important role in the process because the efficiency of overspent admi nistration and legislation has a positive impact on market efficiency directly. Moreover, the non-market related parties such as the government could affect other marketplaces parties as well. For instance, governments could set up some standards, rules and regulations to coordinate for administration purposes. Therefore, without government participation in building a 6 better public service environment, the development of paperless trading will be restrained. As a result, it can be said that paperless trading is a combination of E- commerce and E-government in the field of international trade (Refer to Fig. . 2).

Frost essays

Frost essays With a Colt pistol pointed dead at the doctor, threatening to shoot if anything happened to his expecting wife, a very erratic William Frost welcomed his son Robert Lee Frost into the world in San Francisco California on March 26, 1874. Frost was named part after his grandfather and after the defeated Civil war general Lee. Thinking that he was the product of a premarital mistake, Robert tried to hide it by saying he was born a year after, in 1875. In the beginning, William was happy with his son, but as his health began to spoil and he took to the bottle. William felt very burdened with his family and would constantly abuse them. Robert, through all the torment and abuse, stuck close to his mother who tried to make up for her husbands abuse by pampering her son. After the death of his father from tuberculosis, Frosts mother, Isabelle, moved Robert and his sister Jeanie to Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1892, Robert graduated with honors from his high school and was valedictorian along with Elinor White, which was his high school love. After high school Robert went to Dartmouth College and persued a career in poetry. In 1894, he succeeded in having his fist professional publication. The Independent, a literary journal, published his poem My Butterfly: An Elegy. He soon after left college and married his high school sweetheart, Elinor. With his family growing, Frost struggled to get by. Robert and Elinor had six children in total and two died at an early age leaving Frost with one son and three daughters. In 1897, Frost resumed college at Harvard, but he left within two years. In order to support his family, Robert Frost raised poultry on a farm in New Hampshire and he was also teaching at the Pinkerton Academy in Derry. During his days in New Hampshire, Frost became a botanist and took on the New England persona in his writings. Still trying to get his writings published, Frost realized that the A...

Parkinson Disease

Parkinson Disease Introduction Parkinson’s disease is one of the neurological disorders referred to as motor system disorders considering that these conditions are implicated in the loss of brain cells particularly dopamine-producing cells. As a result, Parkinson’s disease is recognized by four primary symptoms including stiffness or rigidity (of the trunk and limbs), bradykinesia, tremor or trembling (in the hands, arms, face, legs, and jaw), and postural instability.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Parkinson Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, progression of the primary symptoms leads to more pronounced symptoms such as difficulties in carrying out simple tasks, talking, or walking. Additionally, PD is common among the elderly people above the age of 50 years with the early symptoms being subtle and gradual while individual differences are obvious in terms of disease progression. Here, progression of the primary symptoms results into more pronounced effects such as interference with normal physiological activities in the patient’s body. Moreover, PD is associated with depression; emotional changes; skin problems; constipation; sleep disruptions; and difficulties in speaking, swallowing, and chewing (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 2012a). Currently, there are no known diagnostic tests for PD, and hence, many doctors rely on medical histories and other neurological examinations for diagnosis. As a result, many challenges are encountered during PD diagnosis, and the accuracy of tests is not guaranteed. Moreover, differential diagnosis may be initiated to rule out the presence of other related conditions. On the other hand, there is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease, but various medications and therapeutic interventions, which provide remarkable symptomatic relief, are available (NINDS, 2012a; Claassen, van den Wilde nberg, Ridderinkhof, 2011; Wilkinson, Beigi, Lagnado, Jahanshahi, 2011; Tiihonen, Lankinen, Viemero, 2008). This research paper compares and contrasts the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions such as the administration of Levodopa, Carbidopa, anticholinergics, and other drugs; the deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgical therapy, and the cognitive-behavioral patient education programs in the reduction or management of symptoms in PD. Additionally, this paper will recommend the most appropriate approach to treating PD in addition to examining the neuro-physiological foundations of diseases and/or disorders, and the contemporary attitudes toward the three therapeutic interventions listed above.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches to the Treatment of Parkinson’s disease Pharmacological Interventions Amid enormous progress in the treatment of PD in the last few years, Levodopa has been the most effective medical therapy for controlling symptoms in PD. Additionally, other drugs such as dopamine agonists (DA), non-dopaminergic agents, and catechol-o-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibitors have shown considerable success in controlling PD symptoms (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008; Claassen et al., 2011). However, it is important to note that before initiating any form of medical therapy, there is the need to assess the levels of motor, sensory, autonomic, and mental impairment through correct diagnosis. Additionally, the medical interventions should be individualized for each patient. Accordingly, Levodopa is very effective in ameliorating bradykinesia-related symptoms in PD patients. Despite its efficacy, studies indicate that Levodopa is implicated in the development of motor complications (fluctuations and dyskinesias). However, the conventional preparation of Levodopa and Carbidopa improves the therapeutic efficacy of Levodopa . In addition, it is recommended that the onset of Levodopa therapy should be delayed to avoid the underlying motor complications associated with the drug (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). In addition to the duration and cumulative dose of Levodopa therapy, other risk factors such as the genetic predispositions to PD have been implicated in the development of Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. As a result, reduction of the cumulative dosage, the use of antidyskinetic drugs, and surgery improves Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Despite the effectiveness of Levodopa in controlling PD symptoms, studies indicate that the drug may be neurotoxic. Additionally, the duration of treatment with Levodopa has been implicated in the development of Levodopa-induced complications, which underlie delays in the initiation of Levodopa therapy until the PD symptoms start to interfere with the body functions and patient’s lifestyles (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). As a result, it is recommended to use dopamine agon ists (DA) prior to initiating Levodopa therapy considering that DA agonists can improve PD symptoms, and hence, becoming an alternative to delaying the initiation of Levodopa therapy. The efficacy of DA agents depends on their ability to activate DA receptors by circumventing the synthesis of DA in the presynaptic membrane.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Parkinson Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, studies indicate that the activation of D2 receptors in concurrence with D1 stimulation mediates the effects of DA agonists in terms of improving physiological and behavioral effects associated with PD. Among the DA agonists in use, Pramipexole is the most effective and safe drug, which can be administered as monotherapy, and hence, achieving Levodopa sparing, exerting neuroprotective effects, and improving PD clinical symptoms. However, studies indicate that Levodopa still remains superior to DA agonists in terms of providing prolonged motor control; longer life expectancy; and lower levels of hallucinations, edema, and vomiting in comparison to DA agonists (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). In the early stages of PD treatment, non-dopaminergic drugs including anticholinergics and amantadine have been shown to provide similar levels of symptomatic relief as their dopaminergic counterparts. Most importantly, anticholinergics are effective in controlling tremors among young PD patients. However, the usefulness of anticholinergics in controlling PD symptoms has been limited by various side effects such as urinary complications, dry mouth, and cognitive impairment. Generally, pharmacological approaches to the treatment of PD are quite effective despite the underlying side effects. Additionally, it is important to individualize therapies on the basis of scientific rationale, which should aim at controlling symptoms and disease progression (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). Deep Brain Stimul ation (DBS) Therapy Due to the underlying side effects associated with pharmacological approaches to PD treatment, contemporary studies aided by technological advancements have increased the understanding of the mechanisms regarding neurodegeneration, and therefore, providing effective therapeutic strategies to PD treatment such as DBS.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike the use of pharmacological agents for controlling PD symptoms, DBS employs surgical procedures to treat neurological symptoms such as tremor, walking problems, stiffness or rigidity, and slowed movement (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke [NINDS], 2012b; Wilkinson et al., 2011). However, despite DBS providing an alternative approach to controlling many debilitating symptoms in comparison to pharmacological agents, its current use is limited to patients whose response to medications is inadequate. Basically, DBS is a cognitive approach to treating PD, which utilizes a surgically implanted neurostimulator to send electrical signals to specific sections of the brain particularly the areas controlling movement. As a result, the artificial signals block the abnormal signals implicated in the development of essential tremor and other PD symptoms. In comparison to pharmacological agents whose administration is aided by diagnostic tests, which may be inaccurate an d unreliable, DBS surgical therapy is aided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) techniques for initial PD diagnosis. These techniques are used to scan the brain in order to locate the exact position of nerve signals, which produce PD symptoms (NINDS, 2012b; Jankovic Aguilar, 2008; Wilkinson et al., 2011). Additionally, DBS surgical therapy may involve the use of microelectrode recording devices to monitor nerve cells within a specific area to identify and locate precise brain targets more accurately. In most cases, initial PD diagnosis identifies and locates the globus pallidus, thalamus, and subthalamic nucleus as the target areas within the brain, which are subject to abnormal nerve functioning. Therefore, it is evident that the initiation of DBS surgical therapy is founded on accurate determination of specific brain regions exhibiting abnormal nervous functioning in order to administer accurate symptomatic interventions. Compared to pharmacological ag ents whose targets are non-specific, DBS surgical therapy is more specific, and achieves remarkable symptomatic relief in real-time (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008; Wilkinson et al., 2011). Accordingly, the basic DBS system includes the lead, the extension, and the neurostimulator. After identifying and locating the target area, the lead (electrode) is inserted through the skull with the tip of the lead reaching the target area. The extension (electrical wire) connects the lead to the neurostimulator, and in most cases, it passes under the skin around the head, neck, and shoulders. The neurostimulator is a battery-operated device inserted under the skin around the collarbone, chest, or the abdomen. Upon installation, artificial electrical impulses are delivered right from the neurostimulator through the extension to the lead, and finally to the targeted areas in the brain. As the impulses reach the brain, they interfere or block the activities of abnormal nerve signals, which produce PD sy mptoms, and hence providing immediate and prolonged symptomatic relief. In comparison to pharmacological agents, DBS surgical therapy is an effective PD treatment strategy that achieves symptomatic relief with minimal or no side effects. Furthermore, DBS does not cause damage to brain tissues or nerve cells as opposed to earlier surgical procedures (NINDS, 2012b). Most importantly, the stimulation generated by the neurostimulator can be adjusted whenever the patients begin to show remarkable improvement. However, most PD patients are required to take their medications post-DBS treatment, but studies indicate that a good number of patients experience low levels of PD symptoms after undergoing DBS surgery, and therefore, the frequency of taking medications is greatly reduced. Consequently, the reduced frequency of medication intake improves the associated side effects including dyskinesias (NINDS, 2012b). Cognitive-Behavioral Patient Education Programs From the foregoing discussions, it is apparent that both the pharmacological agents and surgical therapies improve various PD symptoms with remarkable effectiveness. However, none of the two therapeutic interventions seeks to address other aspects of PD such as the patients’ quality of life, psychosocial welfare, and depression. As a result, the cognitive-behavioral patient education programs for persons with PD are alternative symptom management approaches to treating PD through evaluating the patients’ capacity to adjust to the disease symptoms, training the patients to cope with symptoms, and providing supportive services (Tiihonen et al., 2008). Therefore, the initial approaches to these programs entail measuring the psychosocial effects of disease symptoms. For example, it is recognized that PD affects both the primary motor functions of patients and the psychological/social functions of patients through the physical symptoms, which influence the patients’ normal activities. Therefore, th e primary symptoms may lead to other secondary symptoms such as depression, social stress, lack of motivation, and lack of emotions. The prevalence of depression among PD patients ranges from 7-70%. Additionally, the motor symptoms associated with PD have been associated with social stigmatization. Subsequently, the behavioral symptoms may as well worsen the primary motor symptoms. For instance, studies indicate that stress increases the negative effects of motor symptoms in patients with PD. As a result, the synergistic association between the primary and secondary PD symptoms is a matter of concern for many scientists. Consequently, many researchers have recommended various intervention approaches aiming at reducing the psychosocial consequences of PD. Here, patient education forms the basis for supporting patients through their efforts to improve their lives. Therefore, patient education complements the work of medical and surgical treatments. Moreover patient education dissemina tes knowledge and instrumental skills to persons with PD in order to increase capacity in terms of self-management (managing behavioral and emotional stressors). Basically, the programs utilize stress resistance training, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, and social skills training to achieve various goals particularly improving self-management skills among the patients (Tiihonen et al., 2008). Therefore, compared to the other two therapeutic interventions, cognitive-behavioral programs employ different approaches toward reducing psychosocial consequences of PD, which are directly associated with motor symptoms. Overall, this is a very effective therapeutic strategy compared to the other two in ameliorating the psychosocial symptoms of PD such as depression and social stigmatization. Hence, it is obvious from the foregoing discussions that no one therapeutic intervention is effective in controlling all the symptoms associated with PD. This is because pharmacological agen ts have side effects despite their remarkable efficacy in controlling some of the PD symptoms. On the other hand, DBS surgical therapy is quite effective in reducing a good number of PD symptoms, but it must be used concurrently with other medical therapies. Further, cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating PD are very effective in reducing psychosocial consequences of PD with minimal or no effect to motor symptoms of PD. As a result, the most effective approach to treating PD should entail the use of all the three treatment options. The reason why the three treatment options will work together is that they complement one another. For example, pharmacological agents cannot achieve complete treatment due to inherent limitations and side effects, and thus, DBS surgical therapy may compensate for these limitations. Conversely, the two treatment options may not be effective in controlling psychosocial symptoms of PD, and therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapies should come into play . The Neuro-physiological underpinnings of Diseases and Disorders The discussions above highlight different approaches to diagnosing and treating PD, which is a neurological disorder or disease. Therefore, it is important to analyze the scientific foundations underlying these approaches. Over the years, scientists in the field of clinical neurophysiology have been involved in neuro-physiological studies with the aim of providing insights into the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases and disorders. Here, these scientists measure and assess the activities of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the skeletal muscles using various neuro-physiological procedures. The most common procedures underlying various neuro-physiological studies include polysomnography, EMG, EEG, MEG, movement monitoring, and intraoperative monitoring among others (Walton, 2001). Some of these procedures such as EEG and EMG are employed in the measurement of direct signals or potentials originating from the body systems or muscles. These mechanisms underlie the process of identifying and locating specific target areas exhibiting abnormal functions as noted earlier. On the other hand, chemical and mechanical techniques are used in measuring various parameters such as respiratory effort, blood pressure, behavioral monitoring, oxygen saturation, and body motion among others. Moreover, these techniques may be used together or separately for epilepsy monitoring, neonatal EEG recording, and movement analysis (Walton, 2003). Therefore, the correct selection and application of the procedures described above requires that one understands the scientific foundations of clinical neurology and normal neurophysiology in order to identify and locate abnormal functions associated with different neurological diseases and disorders under investigation. Here, it is important to note that the specialty of clinical neurophysiology deals with many diseases and disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, polyneuropathies, myopathies, epilepsy, dementia, sleep disorders, developmental or genetic disorders, and many more (Walton, 2003). On the other hand, with the advent of the current technological advancements, more accurate and faster procedures of diagnosis are becoming available to the field of neurophysiology. As a result, there is the need to embrace the efficiency and effectiveness that comes with the new technologies by incorporating them into the existing procedures in order to realize the full benefits of both. Currently, many people are of the opinion that the current diagnostic procedures and even the therapeutic interventions for different diseases and disorders are not adequate or effective in one way or another. Consequently, these contemporary attitudes toward the current procedures and treatment options will guide the future of diagnosis and treatment of various neurological diseases/disorders including Parkinson’s disease. Ultim ately, the future of treatment approaches for PD will be marked by the advent of more advanced procedures, which will utilize the neuro-physiological foundations underlying the three treatment options described in the foregoing discussions. Besides the future treatment strategies will be tailored to fit into the requirements of individualized therapies. References Claassen, D.O., van den Wildenberg, W.P.M., Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2011). The risky business of dopamine agonists in Parkinson Disease and impulse control disorders. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125(4), 492-500. Jankovic, J., Aguilar, L.G. (2008). Current approaches to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., 4(4), 743-757. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS]. (2012a). NINDS Parkinson’s disease. USA: National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS]. (2012b). NINDS Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. USA: National Institutes of Health. Tiihonen, S., Lankinen, A., Viemero, V. (2008). An evaluation of a cognitive behavioral patient education program for persons with Parkinson’s disease in Finland. Nordic Psychology, 60(4), 316-331. Walton, J. (2001). Neurology-history: The oxford companion to medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. Wilkinson, L., Beigi, M., Lagnado, D.A., Jahanshahi, M. (2011). Deep Brain Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus selectively improves learning of weakly associated cue combinations during probabilistic classification learning in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 25(3), 286-294.

Gestalt revolt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gestalt revolt - Research Paper Example Thus, psychological considerations of the school were based on a holistic approach, i.e. experience analysis by means of configuration of the whole pattern (Embree). The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, Â ­- this is the main principle for Gestalt psychology. Functionalists made emphasis on experience analysis of an individual on the basis of his attitude to the learning process, because in such a way an individual is getting accustomed for the environment. Structuralists claimed that not the whole, but an element is crucial for the mind’s structure. Their favorite method, introspection, is in contradiction with the methods implied by Gestalt psychologists (Kohler). Thus, Gestalt psychology occurred in 20s in Germany and it was a new vision of psychological analysis. Germans started invading America and attracting the American psychologists. In Germany this school has substituted structuralism and in America it started its struggle against behaviorism, which was ver y popular those days. Thus, popularity of Behaviorism impeded Gestalt psychology from expansion in America. Gestalt psychologists started protesting against behaviorism. The main criticisms of behaviorism made by Gestatltists were reductionist and atomist nature of Behaviorism; artificial associations implied in Behaviorism (S-R) prevented natural development of mental processes (Kohler).

EU crises from microeconomic point of view and future of EU Assignment

EU crises from microeconomic point of view and future of EU - Assignment Example European countries that have constituted the EU have also been set to operate under common currency; the euro, making economic transactions between and among member states easy and favorable. This is more so because the member states do not face currency fluctuations in terms of foreign exchange, making international business prior to the member states favorable across the EU region. Though the current notion of the EU sounds simple in the domain of other countries in the world, the history behind the formulation and implementation of the EU is rich. The establishment of the European Union was not easy, taking into account that it required prior organization and unique treatment of variables that would operationalize the union. Enormous challenges characterized the establishment of the union, but as time went by, challenges were overcome and smoothening of the operational grounds achieved. The current success of the EU has been achieved over a significant period of time, within which diversity and dynamism have adopted to aid the process. However, the EU is not without its economic problems. The EU has been characterized by micro and macroeconomics problems in its economic and financial context. These problems will be evaluated in this paper alongside the future of the EU, in the context of the euro, enlargement of the EU and the economic characteristics therein. A Brief History of the EU Efforts to unite the European countries began in the twentieth century after the Second World War. Significant success was first realized in the year 1949 when some European countries began the uniting process under the umbrella of Council of Europe. One year later, a community by the name European Coal and Steel improved their cooperation and established a treaty that brought together six nations (Roland, 2005, Ch. 3). These nations made up the founding states of the EU, and even today they are recognized for this role. In the 1950s, a more pressing need to have the European nations emerged. This was during the cold war at the time, which saw the Eastern side of Europe divided from the Western side. Protests that characterized the cold war contributed to this division, raising a concern about the unification of the European community. In order to unite the two sides, the Rome Treaty was signed in the year 1957, allowing for the creation of European community that was at the time cal led the European Economic Community (Roland, 2005, Ch. 3). With the establishment of the community, people, goods and services could be moved across borders in the entire European community. As time went, more and more countries requested membership, thereby making the community grow larger and larger each year. The growth and development of the community necessitated the presence of a single market among the member states. Provisions of law were enacted to aid this process. Eventually, in the year 1989, the Eastern side of Europe was united with the Western side when the boundary between the two sides was eliminated. Since then and over the years, the united European community has grown larger and stronger with the incorporation and integration of more member states. The Modern EU The years between 1990 and 2000 were characterized by free practices of the single market

Illinois Employers Essay Example for Free

Illinois Employers Essay The Illinois WARN reduces the number of employees required for an employer’s notification, which should be done 60 days advance, in case of layoffs or closing. It reduces from 100 (as set by the federal WARN) to not less than 75 full-time employees who has a combined working time of 4,000 hours or more per week. Also, 33% and at least 25 full-time employees or at least 250 full-time employees are required for mass lay offs which is half the requirement of the federal WARN. Other government officials must also be informed in case of reallocation. Noncompliance with the Act can be brought in the federal court by the concerned employees. COMMENT 1: Indeed, theses laws will have good impact in the community and may also decrease the unemployment rate. However, it will also trigger a fear on the side of the employer. Upon receiving a notice 60 days before the closing or lay off, the employees will surely look for a job. There, they may be times when the employees will leave their job even before the closing period once they find a new job. However, notification in such cases (closing or lay off and reallocation) will surely benefit the community will surely benefit the community as a whole for unemployment is sure to decrease. WARN really secures the employees interest by taking away the fear of being fired all of a sudden. Thus, employees will really feel secure as long WARN is in place since there is a law that protects their interest and work security. They are also more secure because noncompliance to the laws imposed by WARN can be brought to the federal court in which employers can be required to pay for the 60 days of non-notification. ESSAY 2 Almost all members of the community will be affected by the decision especially the smokers or costumers as well as the tobacco growers, manufacturers and the stores. The store has no obligation to not hurt tourism since every business is free to offer what product or services that they want provided that they didn’t violate the law. Neda does not set aside business ethics since even business ethics does not impose compulsory selling of tobacco. It is more like being responsible to the community since they aim to prevent lawsuits and criminal penalties due to unavoidable selling of tobacco to minors. COMMENT 1: Smokers and non-smokers are the ones that are truly affected by the decision to ban tobacco selling within the community. Neda does have the right to sell whatever she see fit thus, business ethics was not violated. Neda also have no responsibility on the tourism industry since what the decision she had made was meant for her own store only and not for the whole community. It just so happen that more and more agreed to her decision. However, there are times that business and personal ethics does not go hand in hand. There are times that in order to protect your personal ethics, you must violated business ethics and vice versa. Personal ethics is not a requirement of business ethics although most of the time, personally ethical are also business ethical. COMMENT 2: The stake holders that are mentioned are indeed the affected people by the decision. However, the most affected remains the consumers of the product, the smokers. They are the most affected because they are the ones that really depend on the use of the product. Regarding Neda’s decision, it is also right to say that both personal and business ethics had been taken for consideration. Another proof that showed that business ethics was also considered is that Neda protected not only the citizens but as well as the workers who are legally punished for selling tobacco on minors. It is also the concern of business ethics to ensure that their employees are doing legal jobs. Also, rather than decrease in tourism, the decision may also serve as a ground to increase tourism because of the good image that the community is able to portray. The tourists do not visit the community to smoke in the first place. It is also natural there are people that will accommodate those smokers who are suffering from the decision. Reference Craft, M. Diljohn, J. (2005). New Illinois WARN Act Imposes Additional Requirements on Illinois Employers. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http://library.findlaw. com/2005/Mar/10/163974. html Employment and Training Administration United States Department of Labor. (No Date). Workers Guide to Advance Notice of Closing and Layoffs. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http://www. doleta. gov/layoff/pdf/WorkerWARN2003. pdf. Federwisch, A. (June 2006). Assessing for Ethics. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/assessing. html. White, Maj Gen Jerry. (1996). Personal Ethics Versus Professional Ethics. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http://www. airpower. maxwell. af. mil/airchronicles/apj/apj96/sum96/white. html.