Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Structural analysis - Essay Example Not just that, electron microscopy was further augmented with suitable detectors to even extract quantitative micro-chemistry and micro-crystallographic information not only from the surfaces (in case of SEM) but also from within the bulk of the material in case of TEM. Enhancement in resolution could be possible because of much smaller value of the wavelength of the accelerated electrons (which are the probe in electron microscopy) as compared to that of the visible light (which is the probe in case of optical microscopy). Why electron microscopy could be expanded to provide much more information is because interaction of electrons with matter leads to generation of a variety of signals like different kinds of electrons and X-rays and these signals contain valuable information about not only the topography of the surface but also about chemistry of the material and orientation of the grains. Therefore, it becomes relevant to present a brief introduction to electron – matter i nteraction for better understanding of electron microscopy in general and SEM in particular. When an electron beam strikes with matters it interacts with the electrons – outer shell as well as core electrons and nucleus of the matter. Depending on the energy and intensity of the incident electron beam and thickness of the material being exposed to the electron beam different kind of signals are generated. A schematic diagram showing a typical electron – matter interaction is presented in Figure 1. Electron beam can penetrate through the specimen only if its thickness is less than 100 nm and only then the transmitted signals are produced. Transmitted signals are used in Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and related analytical equipment like STEM (Scanning TEM), ATEM (Analytical TEM), HRTEM (High Resolution TEM) etc with attachments like EELS, HAADF etc. These signals are not

Improving Speaking Skills of Non-Native Learners Assignment

Improving Speaking Skills of Non-Native Learners - Assignment Example Teaching speaking skills can be very challenging as well as very difficult. Learning to speak with proper grammar usage and pronunciation generally has a long learning curve. The ability to speak proper English is essential for being successful and in one’s career. This essay would be discussing how to improve the speaking skills of non-native learners and make them speak more fluently and accurately and encourage them to acquire an English native speaker accent. In the essay, some important aspects which are discussed include the accent issues for non-native learners, the methods used by teachers to ensure quality learning, some of which are motivating the non-native learners, innovation of the teaching activities, using paused transcriptions and using regular supervision and feedback. Additionally, the importance of using the main conversational types as spoken message repetition; namely comprehension checks, comprehension checks and clarification requests, is elaborated in the essay. In order to tackle these aspects of life, proper communication in English is imperative. The non-native learners would also regularly need to communicate with employers, neighbors and colleagues in English. They might also have an objective of receiving higher education in a foreign country or get promoted in their jobs, hence for numerous purposes; non-native learners enroll for spoken English classes (Ignash, 1995). The non-native learners are sometimes successful in carrying out conversational English with sound grammar. However, their accent and intonation make their speech partly incomprehensible. According to Hughes ‘I have argued that because intonational meaning is central to a full understanding of spoken English, it deserves more attention in Applied Linguistics. If researchers are to better understand language acquisition, language production, listening comprehension, and discourse strategies in the context of communication as a whole, intonational meaning should be a central part of the program.